Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

What is ADHD?

ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects millions of children and often persists into adulthood. It is characterised by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning in daily life, academic performance, and relationships​.

Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms are divided into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

1. Inattention:

• Difficulty focusing on tasks or play.

• Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or professional duties.

• Losing items needed for tasks (e.g., pencils, keys).

• Trouble organizing tasks and activities.

• Being easily distracted by external stimuli.

2. Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:

• Fidgeting or inability to stay seated when required.

• Talking excessively or blurting out answers.

• Interrupting or intruding on others' conversations or games.

• Difficulty waiting for one’s turn.

Types of ADHD

ADHD can present in three subtypes depending on the predominant symptoms:

• Inattentive Type: Primarily difficulties with focus and attention.

• Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Mainly hyperactivity and impulsiveness without significant inattention.

• Combined Type: Features both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity​.

Diagnosing ADHD

Diagnosis typically involves comprehensive evaluations, including:

• Behavioural Assessments: Observing behaviour across multiple settings (home, school, work).

• Medical History: Identifying symptoms that have been present since before age 12.

• Standardized Rating Scales: Tools like the Conners’ Rating Scale or Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale.

It is essential to distinguish ADHD from conditions with overlapping symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities​.

Treatment Options for ADHD

ADHD treatment aims to reduce symptoms and improve overall functioning through a combination of approaches:

1. Medication:

• Stimulants (e.g., Adderall, Ritalin): Enhance focus by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

• Non-Stimulants (e.g., Strattera): An alternative for those who do not respond well to stimulants.

2. Behavioural Therapy:

• Parent training programs teach effective strategies to manage children’s behaviour.

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) helps individuals improve self-regulation and organization skills.

3. Educational Support:

• Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) or 504 Plans in schools provide accommodations such as extended time for tests or seating arrangements​.

4. Lifestyle Modifications:

• Consistent routines, regular exercise, and balanced nutrition can help manage symptoms.

What to Do if You Suspect ADHD

1. Consult a Specialist: Contact a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or psychologist.

2. Keep Records: Document behaviours and challenges to share with a professional.

3. Seek Early Intervention: Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

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